Micrograph of malignant mesothelioma, mesothelioma as well. Cytopathology specimens - pleural fluid. The image shows features of mesothelioma: irregularies nuclear membrane. 3-D cluster of more than 10 cells.
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What is malignant mesothelioma of the pleura?
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a cancer arising from mesothelial cells were found in the pleural membrane covering the lungs. There are two pleurae: visceral pleura, which covers the lung itself, and the parietal pleura, which covers the inside of the chest wall. The purpose of the pleura is to provide a smooth surface so that, as the chest expands, the lungs expand smoothly in the chest cavity. Pleural membrane usually spend a small amount of fluid for lubrication. This allows the visceral pleura (lining of the lungs) to glide over the parietal pleura (lining of the chest cavity). Developing malignant mesothelioma from mesothelial cells of pleura.
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Who is malignant mesothelioma of the pleura?
Malignant mesothelioma is relatively rare compared with other tumors. Australia has the highest incidence of mesothelioma in the world, at 40 cases per million people. Other industrialized countries, which have been mined and used asbestos, such as the United States, Britain, Canada and South Africa, have the same level but slightly lower than the disease. Malignant mesothelioma incidence increases with age, with most patients presenting between 50 and 80 years. This is because there is a 50-year latency period between asbestos exposure and the development of malignant mesothelioma. Malignant mesothelioma is much more common in men than in women, with a ratio of 4:1.
Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms:
In severe cases, people may have many tumor masses. Individuals may develop a pneumothorax, or collapse of the lung. This disease may metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body.
Tumors that affect the abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at the final stage. Symptoms include:
Stomach ache
Ascites, or abnormal fluid buildup in abdomen
A mass in the abdomen
Problems with bowel function
Weight loss
In severe cases of the disease, signs and symptoms may present the following:
Blood clots in the veins, which may cause thrombophlebitis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, a disorder causing severe bleeding in many body organs
Jaundice, or yellowing of the eyes and skin
Low blood sugar levels
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary emboli, or blood clots in the arteries of the lungs
Severe ascites
Risk factors:
Working with asbestos is the major risk factor for malignant mesothelioma. In the United States, asbestos is the major cause of malignant mesothelioma. Indeed, the relationship between asbestos and mesothelioma is so strong that many consider mesothelioma "signal" or "sentinel" tumor. History of asbestos exposure in most cases. However, malignant mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos. In rare cases, malignant mesothelioma has also been associated with irradiation, intrapleural thorium dioxide, and breathe in other fibrous silicates, such as erionite. Some studies suggest that simian virus 40 (SV40) may act as a cofactor in the development of malignant mesothelioma.
Treatment of Malignant Mesothelioma:
Malignant mesothelioma usually is not curable at presentation. Therefore, treatment aims to control symptoms and prolong survival, rather than trying to remove the tumor.
Surgery:
It is very rarely possible to surgically remove a malignant mesothelioma, because the tumor was spread throughout the pleura and invade nearby organs. In contrast, palliative surgery can sometimes be used to try to control the symptoms, especially pleural effusion.
Radiotherapy:
It is difficult to treat malignant mesothelioma with radiotherapy because the tumor involves a large area such as the chest wall. However, there are two situations in which radiotherapy can be used.
Radiotherapy can be used to treat sites where the biopsy was taken or entered the chest line. This region, where the tube has passed through the chest wall into the pleural space, often a 'superior' to the mesothelioma tumor.
